IPhone 12 芯片有125亿颗晶体管，如果损坏，理论上讲无法找出哪一颗出了毛病，所以维修时会把整只芯片换掉。人类细胞核的DNA有30亿碱基对，它们不是人类设计的，不要说哪个错了难以发现，我们对怎样才是正确的都所知甚少。至少计算机科学家知道每一个晶体管是干什么用的，而很多DNA片段是干什么用的，生物学家一无所知。那么什么时候我们会把30亿对怎么用的搞清楚呢？生物学家一定会说，我们以前有一个问题，找到遗传物质基础，解决了一个旧问题后，我们碰到了3万个新问题（3万个基因）。…
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一个成人拥有约30万亿个人体细胞，同时拥有40万亿个细菌，这些细菌占我们体重的1％至3％。尽管细菌经常被视为疾病的一种来源，但细菌大多无害甚至有益。我们的肠道生活着500种大约1公斤（100万亿）微生物。它们是人类非同寻常的伙伴，它们雕刻我们的器官，保护我们免受疾病侵害，分解我们的食物，教育我们的免疫系统，指导我们的行为，用其基因轰击我们的基因组，并赋予我们不可思议的能力。…
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Overnight, keratinocytes (kind of skin epidermis cell) proliferate rapidly, preparing and protecting our outer barrier for the sunlight and scratches of the coming day. During the day, these cells then selectively switch on genes involved with protection against the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays….
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130 years ago, Lord Kelvin asked how space might be partitioned into cells of fixed equal volume with minimum surface area [1]? Although his work was dismissed as “a pure waste of time” by his colleagues, he worked out through intensive calculation and proposed a fourteen-face shape (tetradecahedron)…
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Each year, doctors prescribe courses of oral corticosteroids to three quarters of patients with chronic inflammatory disorders (1) and up to 17% of the general population (2). Most of these will be short “bursts” of 1 or 2 weeks, typically prescribed for common ailments like upper respiratory…
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过敏反应主要和获得性免疫有关。机体对某些抗原物质初次接触以后产生初次免疫应答，此后便有了免疫记忆，当再次接触相同抗原时，就可触发免疫应答或者导致相应的过敏反应。机体从环境当中获取抗原（比如饮食中的一些蛋白质），抗原成分经过抗原递呈细胞，提取抗原信息，刺激调节性T细胞，从而呈递给T辅助细胞，促使T辅助细胞向Th1或者Th2两条途径发展。如果朝着Th2方向发展，就是过敏反应方向。…
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Glucocorticoids [1] plus the sympathetic nervous system [2] enables an organism to survive a physical stressor by activating the classical “fight or flight” response. The stress response rapidly mobilizes energy into circulation from storage sites in your body. Furthermore, heart rate and blood…
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What is Corticosteroid Withdrawal Syndrome CWS?Steroids Withdrawal Syndrome is a distinct clinical adverse effect of steroid. It is also called facial corticosteroid addictive dermatitis, red skin syndrome, topical corticosteroid induced rosacea-like dermatitis, steroid addiction syndrome, steroid…
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《新英格兰医学杂志》2020年7月9日发表了一篇取名为nemolizumab的生物制剂治疗湿疹的三期临床实验如下： 给一组患者注射nemolizumab，另一组注射安慰剂。注意⚠️：这里才是重点：在两组患者用药期间同时使用中等效力的外用糖皮质激素、外用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂和口服抗组胺药。这项研究还允许研究人员使用较高效力的外用糖皮质激素给于那些湿疹加重的患者。…
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Do we have eczema gene(s) – Time to rethink
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