The following text and images are quoted from a poultry science journal [1]: M.J. Zuidhof, B.L. Schneider, V.L. Carney, D.R. Korver, F.E. Robinson, Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poultry Science, Volume 93, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 2970-2982 Abstract The…
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“There are only two industries that call their customers ‘users’: illegal drugs and software” — Edward Tufte, a computer scientist, said in The Social Dilemma Netflix 2020 Documentaries. Less is More Is 3% topical steroid far more potent than a 0.01%? Short answer, NO….
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希波克拉底 Hippocrates (460-377BC) 描述了一组斑块、脱皮、鳞屑的皮肤病症状，可能相当于今天的银屑病或麻风病。400年前，哲学家们放弃了亚里士多德的世界观兴高采烈地接受了牛顿世界观来解释生物学并研究医学病理学。在1841年赫伯拉…
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On 12 July BMJ published a concerned article about corticosteroids. “Synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. A possible unwanted effect of glucocorticoid treatment is suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can…
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IPhone 12 芯片有125亿颗晶体管，如果损坏，理论上讲无法找出哪一颗出了毛病，所以维修时会把整只芯片换掉。人类细胞核的DNA有30亿碱基对，它们不是人类设计的，不要说哪个错了难以发现，我们对怎样才是正确的都所知甚少。至少计算机科学家知道每一个晶体管是干什么用的，而很多DNA片段是干什么用的，生物学家一无所知。那么什么时候我们会把30亿对怎么用的搞清楚呢？生物学家一定会说，我们以前有一个问题，找到遗传物质基础，解决了一个旧问题后，我们碰到了3万个新问题（3万个基因）。…
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一个成人拥有约30万亿个人体细胞，同时拥有40万亿个细菌，这些细菌占我们体重的1％至3％。尽管细菌经常被视为疾病的一种来源，但细菌大多无害甚至有益。我们的肠道生活着500种大约1公斤（100万亿）微生物。它们是人类非同寻常的伙伴，它们雕刻我们的器官，保护我们免受疾病侵害，分解我们的食物，教育我们的免疫系统，指导我们的行为，用其基因轰击我们的基因组，并赋予我们不可思议的能力。…
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Overnight, keratinocytes (kind of skin epidermis cell) proliferate rapidly, preparing and protecting our outer barrier for the sunlight and scratches of the coming day. During the day, these cells then selectively switch on genes involved with protection against the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays….
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130 years ago, Lord Kelvin asked how space might be partitioned into cells of fixed equal volume with minimum surface area [1]? Although his work was dismissed as “a pure waste of time” by his colleagues, he worked out through intensive calculation and proposed a fourteen-face shape (tetradecahedron)…
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Each year, doctors prescribe courses of oral corticosteroids to three quarters of patients with chronic inflammatory disorders (1) and up to 17% of the general population (2). Most of these will be short “bursts” of 1 or 2 weeks, typically prescribed for common ailments like upper respiratory…
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过敏反应主要和获得性免疫有关。机体对某些抗原物质初次接触以后产生初次免疫应答，此后便有了免疫记忆，当再次接触相同抗原时，就可触发免疫应答或者导致相应的过敏反应。机体从环境当中获取抗原（比如饮食中的一些蛋白质），抗原成分经过抗原递呈细胞，提取抗原信息，刺激调节性T细胞，从而呈递给T辅助细胞，促使T辅助细胞向Th1或者Th2两条途径发展。如果朝着Th2方向发展，就是过敏反应方向。…
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