What is Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Interleukin 17 (IL-17 or IL-17A) is produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer to against infections such as AIDS, malaria,…
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What is Interleukin 12 (IL-12) Interleukin 12 has two subunits: IL-12A (p35) and IL-12B (p40). The IL-12 is produced by macrophages, monocytes and B lymphocytes to against infections such as AIDS, malaria,…
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What is “biologic” agent? Whole immune system suppression will cause serious side effects. Therefore “biologic” agents are developed to target partial immune systems for a variety of immune-mediated…
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Conventionally eczema patients will be given corticosteroids to shut down the inflammation, then use aggressive moisturiser to heal the skin barrier, then neuromodulatory drugs and sometimes together…
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Real-world risks of serious infection, major cardiovascular events, and cancers have been looked at in the observational study, while effectiveness analyses have shed light on predictors, persistence,…
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A 25-year-old woman presents with redness of the hands and reports the intermittent occurrence of tiny vesicles, and scaling, accompanied by itching on the palms, fingers, and dorsal sides of the hands….
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Importance Erosive pustular dermatosis (EPD) is a rare condition that typically affects actinically damaged skin of the scalp. Characterized by sterile pustules, erosions, and crusts, EPD is difficult…
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Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive macrolide that acts by blocking the calcineurin-dependent signal transduction pathway inside T cells, which results in the inhibition of cytokine gene transcription…
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A 60-year-old man presents with hyperkeratosis and cracking of the skin on the palms of his hands and the soles of his feet that had developed over a 3-year period with no specific cause. He had been…
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一名56岁的退休行政人员被转诊至皮肤科，以寻求有关终身性特应性皮炎管理的第二种意见。她已经连续10年每天两次在自己的脸上涂抹1％的氢化可的松霜（弱效皮质激素），在身体其他皮肤部位使用戊酸倍他米松软膏（强效皮质激素）。她还患有过敏性哮喘，过去11年来每天两次，用倍氯米松双丙酸倍氯米松（皮质激素）雾化吸入控制哮喘，并已经按照医生处方口服12个疗程的（皮质激素）泼尼松龙（每个疗程平均剂量为30毫克，连续5天），以治疗湿疹和湿疹{1]。…
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Lupus Miliaris Disseminatus Faciei Firm, yellowish-brown, 1–3 mm, monomorphous, discrete, smooth-surfaced papules present on both the butterfly and the lateral areas. The discrete papules appear as…
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In contrast to the microvasculature of normal skin, the psoriatic microvasculature is characterized by tortuous and leaky blood vessels that facilitate leukocyte migration into inflamed skin. The vascular…
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The terms “dermatitis” and “eczema” are frequently used interchangeably. When the term “eczema” is used alone, it often refers to atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema)….
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There are four factors that determine the depth of a burn: temperature of the contacting agent, duration of contact, thickness of skin and local blood supply. The threshold for a burn injury is around…
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There are four factors that determine the depth of a burn: temperature of the contacting agent, duration of contact, thickness of skin and local blood supply. The threshold for a burn injury is around…
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A black box warning describes a potential risk of malignancy associated with topical use of pimecrolimus to treat atopic dermatitis due to its similarity to oral calcineurin inhibitors used in solid-organ…
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Typical clinical signs of hand eczema are redness, infiltration of the skin, scaling, edema, vesicles, areas of hyperkeratosis, cracks (fissures), and erosions [1]. It is a prevalence of 4% among adults…
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粪便入药简史 1700年前中国东晋葛洪编著《肘后备急方》治卒中诸药毒救解方第六十八姚方，中诸毒药，及野葛已死方中所云：“新小便和人屎，绞取汁一升，顿服。入腹即活，解诸毒，无过此汁。”[1]…
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唐钰琦：真正解除患者病痛才是好医⽣ – 答《对医学的误解》 2017年6⽉20⽇ 星期⼆ 03)30AM ⽂/唐钰琦 来⾃/联合早报 观点碰撞 读了《联合早报》⾔论版中⻄医系列⽂章，…
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The efficacy and safety of dupilumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the α subunit of the interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 receptors, has been assessed in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic…
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Leukoplakia is a condition in which thickened, white patches form on the tongue, gums, inside of the cheek, or sometimes on the outer female genitals. Although the sores can vary in appearance, they…
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White halo develops around a nevus is called a Halo nevus also known as Leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum, Sutton’s nevus, Perinevoid vitiligo. The overall incidence of halo nevi in individuals under…
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Vitiligo is an acquired disorder characterized by circumscribed depigmented macules and patches that result from the loss of functional melanocytes. Although patients with vitiligo may attribute the…
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Vitiligo is a disease in which skin and hair lose their melanocytes resulting in depigmented patches on the skin, varying in size and shape. Vitiligo can usually be easily seen by the naked eye in dark…
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Pigmented Fungiform Papillae on the Tongue (PFPT) is a benign condition of oral pigmentation characterized by localized hyperpigmentation confined to fungiform papillae. Normal fungiform papillae are…
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Fordyce Granules are sebaceous glands that are located in the vermilion zone of the lips and the oral mucosa. These “Free” sebaceous glands can also be found on the eyelids (meibomian glands), areolae…
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Hairy tongue is a common, benign clinical condition that represents accumulation of varying amounts of keratin on the dorsum of the tongue. Normally, the rate of keratin production on the dorsal tongue…
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Central Papillary Atrophy, also known as Median Rhomboid Glossitis or Erythematous Candidiasis, is found in up to 1% of adults. Central papillary atrophy appears as a well-demarcated, diamond- or oval-shaped…
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Fissured tongue is a common, benign clinical condition of unknown etiology that affects more than 2-30% the population. Heredity appears to be a factor, with some evidence suggesting that the condition…
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Geographic tongue affects approximately 2% of the general population, it is a benign condition associated with local inflammation and the absence of differentiation of the filiform papillae. In a study…
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Nail abnormalities are present in ~10% of patients with lichen planus. However, nail lichen planus is most frequently seen in the absence of skin, scalp, or mucosal involvement. In a study of 24 adults…
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Clubbing (Hippocratic Fingers) was described by Hippocrates in the first century BC, clubbing may be congenital or acquired. Acquired clubbing is uncommon and in 80% of patients is associated with pulmonary…
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Yellow Nail Syndrome The yellow nail syndrome is uncommon and its pathogenesis is still unknown. Linear nail growth is arrested or greatly reduced. The nails are thickened and transversely and longitudinally…
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Green nail syndrome The yellow–green to green–black nail plate discoloration is due to the production of the pigments pyocyanin and pyoverdin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This discoloration is most…
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Longitudinal melanonychia results from melanin production by nail matrix melanocytes and is most commonly due to simple activation of these melanocytes. It can also result from melanocyte hyperplasia…
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Splinter Haemorrhages appear as one or more red–brown to purple–black, thin longitudinal lines in the distal portion of the nail. The shape of the subungual hemorrhages is due to the longitudinal…
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Apparent Leukonychia. The nails appear white because of abnormalities in the color of the nail bed and this is usually due to nail bed edema. Apparent leukonychia does not move distally with nail growth…
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Onycholysis The distal nail plate is detached from the nail bed and usually appears white because of the presence of air in the subungual space. If an exogenous pigment is present, the nail may appear…
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Koilonychia (spoon nails) The nail plate is thinned and flattened with upward eversion of its lateral and distal edges, leading to a concave spoon-like shape. Koilonychia is common in infancy as…
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The nail plate loses its transparency and looks white because of the presence of parakeratotic cells within its ventral aspect. True leukonychia is white opaque discoloration caused by diseases that…
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